Malayalam Calendar: History, Months, and Cultural Importance
The Malayalam Calendar, also known as the Kollam Era Calendar, is a traditional calendar used by the Malayalam-speaking people of Kerala, India. It plays a vital role in the cultural, religious, agricultural, and social life of Kerala. Even in the modern age, when the Gregorian calendar is widely used, the Malayalam calendar continues to guide festivals, rituals, and seasonal activities.
Origin and History of the Malayalam Calendar
The Malayalam Calendar began in 825 CE and is known as the Kollam Era because it is believed to have originated in the port city of Kollam (Quilon). According to historical records, the calendar was introduced during the reign of King Sthanu Ravi Varma. The Kollam Era marks an important phase in Kerala’s history, especially in trade, education, and cultural development.
Unlike purely lunar calendars, the Malayalam calendar is a solar calendar, meaning it is based on the movement of the sun. This makes it closely connected to seasons, which is especially important for agriculture and climate-based activities in Kerala.
Malayalam Calendar Months
The Malayalam Calendar consists of 12 months, each corresponding to the sun’s movement through zodiac signs. The months are:
Chingam
Kanni
Thulam
Vrichikam
Dhanu
Makaram
Kumbham
eenam
Medam
Edavam
Mithunam
Karkidakam
Each month reflects seasonal changes such as monsoon, harvest time, or summer. For example, Karkidakam is known as the monsoon month, while Chingam marks new beginnings.
Malayalam New Year Festivals
The Malayalam calendar is closely associated with two important New Year celebrations:
Vishu: Celebrated in the month of Medam, Vishu marks the traditional New Year of Kerala. It symbolizes prosperity, hope, and fresh beginnings. The Vishu Kani (auspicious sight) is an important ritual.
Onam: Celebrated in the month of Chingam, Onam is the most famous festival of Kerala. It is a harvest festival and is linked to the legend of King Mahabali. The grand celebrations include floral decorations (Pookalam), boat races, cultural programs, and the Onam Sadya (traditional feast).
Role of the Malayalam Calendar in Festivals and Rituals
Most Hindu festivals in Kerala, such as Thiruvathira, Navaratri, Maha Shivaratri, and Ashtami Rohini, are determined according to the Malayalam calendar. Auspicious days for weddings, housewarming ceremonies, and religious rituals are also selected based on this calendar and the Panchangam (astrological almanac).
Importance in Agriculture and Daily Life
Kerala’s agricultural activities are strongly linked to the Malayalam calendar. Farmers rely on it to plan sowing, harvesting, and irrigation, especially in relation to the monsoon seasons. Traditional knowledge about weather patterns and crop cycles is preserved through this calendar.
Even today, Malayalam months are commonly used in daily conversations, newspapers, temple notices, and cultural programs. Many Malayali households keep a traditional calendar or Panchangam for reference.
Malayalam Calendar in Modern Times
Although the Gregorian calendar is used for official and global purposes, the Malayalam calendar remains deeply respected. The Government of Kerala recognizes its cultural importance, and it is widely used in education, media, and religious institutions.
